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Davis LLP Web Logs or "Blogs" are intended to provide general comments on developments in the law. They are not intended to be a comprehensive review nor are they intended to provide legal advice. Readers should not act on information in the blogs without seeking specific advice on the particular matter. Please contact a lawyer listed on the blog pages for additional details, or to discuss how blog information is relevant to a specific situation.

Video Game Law Blog

» Personality Rights

EA wins Madden lawsuit

Former NFL player Jim Brown sued EA over its use of a character in Madden NFL. The character looks like Brown, but was not identified as Brown, and wore a different number.

A federal court judge in Los Angeles has now ruled in favour of EA, concluding that the First Amendment protected EA's expression in this case.

Brown had argued that EA's use of his likeness was a false endorsement of the game. If he had argued instead that EA had violated his right of publicity, the result might have been different. Likewise, if EA had used Brown's name (instead of only his likeness) the result could have been different as well.

Coverage here: http://tinyurl.com/ycrp4fc (Gamasutra)

FACENDA'S FAMILY SUES NFL FILMS

Submitted by Sylvie Lang

A U.S. Appeals Court has ruled that the estate of legendary football announcer John Facenda can sue NFL Films for the misuse of his father’s voice in a promotional video for an NFL video game. The Appeals Court unanimously held that the use of Facenda’s voice, known to football fans as the “Voice of God” violated Pennsylvania’s “right of publicity” laws. The Court rejected NFL Films’ argument that they were permitted to use Facenda’s voice because a release signed by Facenda provided them with a complete defense. Instead, they held that while the release permitted the use of the announcer’s voice in football videos, it did not extend to using Facenda’s voice for the endorsement of these videos. The NFL’s argument that the promotional video was an artistic expression and therefore protected by the First Amendment was also rejected by the Court who found that the video was clearly produced for commercial purposes.

Unless the NFL decides to appeal, the lawsuit will now go to trial.

Coverage at: Fanhouse.com

Jim Brown takes on EA and Sony

Former Cleveland Browns player Jim Brown is suing Electronics Arts and Sony for using his image in EA's Madden NFL series without his authorization.

Brown takes the position that video games had not yet been invented when he was playing football in the NFL, and he therefore never had the chance to make the decision to sign away the rights to his image to be used in video games. Also, in his day the NFL prohibited players from using lawyers or agents when negotiating contracts, compensation, etc.

Brown is claiming unspecified damages and an order to cease the use of his image. According to reports, Brown is not actually named in the game but claims that the Browns player wearing the number 32 (his number) must necessarily refer to him.

EA has an exclusive licence with the NFL until the end of the 2012 season that covers all NFL the teams, players and even stadiums.

If this lawsuit is successful, EA will have the difficult task of having to sign contracts with all players. A possible compromise is that Electronics Arts will sign a deal with the unions representing the retired players.

Coverage at Gamasutra and Sports.ign.

Submitted by Amanda Alfieri, Associate

Romantics Don't Like Guitar Hero Encore

"Guitar Hero Encore: Rock the 80s", part of Activision's popular "Guitar Hero" franchise, includes a cover version of the song "What I Like About You" by The Romantics.

Activision obtained a proper licence from The Romantics to include the cover song in the game. However, The Romantics have now sued Activision on the grounds that the cover version is too similar to the original.

The basic outline of the lawsuit is this: (1) The Romantics have developed an identity, persona and distinctive sound; (2) Activision intentionally misappropriated that identity and persona, and imitated the distinctive sound, in order to sell GH: Rock the 80s; (3) because the cover version in the game is "virtually indistinguishable" from the authentic version, consumers are confused and believe it is actually The Romantics playing the song in the game; and (4) Activision has sold "millions of dollars worth" of the game.

The suit specifically claims that Activsions has violated the band's right of publicity and has suggested an association, sponsorship or approval that doesn't exist, and has thereby caused damage to the Romantics and has been unjustly enriched.

This is an interesting claim -- presumably the licence allows Activision to create and include a cover version of "What I Like About You", and presumably does not restrict how the end product will sound. As well, there is a difference between allowing your content (either original or in a cover version) to appear in a game like GH, and endorsing or supporting that game as a commercial product. The Romantics obviously supported their content being in the game, and it seems a stretch to say that the game has sold well because consumers think The Romantics support or endorse the game in some other way. Finally, given the other content in the game (including original versions of some songs), what's to say that it's the quality of The Romantics' song alone that has resulted in the game's sales?

Coverage at GameSpot and GamePolitics.

Game Politics also has a link to the statement of claim.

Not Funny

The “Something Awful” website has apparently posted a link on its site to a pornographic cartoon featuring Jade Raymond, spokesperson for Ubi’s Assassin’s Creed. According to Game Politics, Ubi demanded that Something Awful remove the image, and Something Awful responded by saying the image was only linked from the site; it wasn’t actually hosted on the site.

Under Canadian law, the posting might violate Ms. Raymond’s privacy or personality rights. It might also be defamatory. We’ll see how the case is handled under US law.

The Game Politics posting is here.

Decision re: Pro Player Stats Upheld

In 2006 a US district court judge held that fantasy baseball leagues can use player names and stats without permission (see our previous post).

The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals has now upheld that decision, on the grounds that First Amendment (freedom of speech) rights trump personality rights.

Coverage at USA Today.

Court decision here.

Real People in Games -- Some Thoughts

Game Politics has an interesting entry about infamous anti-game attorney Jack Thompson's allegation that he is depicted in Grand Theft Auto IV (currently under development).

Thompson says (based on an article in a game magazine) that one of the game's missions involves the assassination of a lawyer who, when confronted by the player's character, says things such as "Guns don't kill people. Video games do." Thompson says that this lawyer is clearly meant to be him, and has demanded that Rock Star and Take Two remove all references to him from GTA IV before it is released (see copy of Thompson's letter on Game Politics here).

This situation (regardless of whether it is all accurate) raises interesting issues about the portrayal of real people in video games. Note that all of these discussions depend on there being a recognizable depiction of a real person -- having an in-game character who is a lawyer who says that video games cause violence is not necessarily the same has having an in-game character that is recognizably Jack Thompson.

In many jurisdictions people have rights in their personalities, and including a person's likeness in a game without permission may violate those rights -- for example, by suggesting an affiliation or endorsement that doesn't exist. If I appear in a game, people might logically think that I support or endorse that game.

Including a real person's likeness in a game could also involve defamation -- for example, if a game included a recognizable likeness of me doing something objectionable, I might have a claim that the depiction was harmful to my reputation.

Another issue -- the one Thompson raises in his letter to Take Two -- is personal safety. If a game involves violence against a game character that is recognizably a real person, might that game be seen as encouraging or inciting actual violence against the real person? The connection between general violence in games and actual real-life violence is a common topic of discussion and study (with no clear causal link yet demonstrated so far as we are aware). But intuitively it seems to follow that if a game involves violence against a specific recognizable person, there might be more likelihood of actual violence against that actual person. Such activity might raise issues under both criminal and civil law.

It's not clear whether Thompson's claims are accurate, or whether the final version of GTA IV will actually involve a depiction of an anti-game lawyer. But the issues are interesting, and demonstrate that depicting real people in games (or movies, or TV shows, or books) should not be undertaken lightly.

See the Game Politics article here.

Juicing OJ

In 1995, OJ Simpson was acquitted in criminal court of murdering Ron Goldman. Two years later, Goldman’s family won a civil suit against Simpson. The court awarded the family over $33 million for the wrongful death of Goldman and Simpson’s ex-wife.

Ten years later Simpson licensed Take Two to use his likeness in All Pro Football 2K8. But any revenues he was due to earn from that have been lost: a court has ordered Simpson to pay the revenues to Goldman’s family as part of the $33 million he has not yet repaid.

Coverage here (news.com).

50 CENT PUTS HIS 2 CENTS IN

Curtis Jackson, aka 50 Cent, has filed a $1 million lawsuit against Traffix Inc., an internet advertising company. The claim alleges that an on-line advertisement mini-game called "Shoot the Rapper" uses 50 Cent's likeness (although not his name) without permission.

Personality rights can be tricky, especially if there's an issue about whether the offending representation is obviously the celebrity or just kind of similar.

Coverage at NME.com and GabbyBabble.com

LADY KIER SUES SEGA AND LOSES

In the mid-80's, Keirin Kirby (better known to us video game lawyers of the "?80s as "Lady Kier") was the lead singer of a band called "Deee-Lite". But wait"?that's not all! Kirby was more than just a retro-funk-dance pretty face she was also a dancer, choreographer and fashion designer. And she believes she has created a distinctive look and character.

Enter Sega.

In 1999 Sega released Space Channel 5, a futuristic space game which featured a character called "Ulala" who dressed in an outfit similar to the outfits Kirby liked to wear (i.e. mini-skirt, tank top with a number on the front, pink hair in pigtails, etc.). THQ later released a Gameboy Advance version of the game.

Kirby sued, claiming that the game misappropriated her likeness and identity. The lower court dismissed the lawsuit (through summary judgment). Kirby appealed but lost.

The courts found there were similarities between the appearances of Kirby and Ulala, so Kirby at least had an argument that her likeness and identity were misappropriated. However, the courts also found that the First Amendment (freedom of expression) provided a complete defence to Kirby's claims because Ulala was not a literal depiction of Kirby"?there were sufficient differences between Kirby and Ulala.

At one time or another, many of you have probably considered basing a video game character on one of the many buff, distinctive and charismatic video game lawyers at Davis. And you probably wondered how to do it.

Well here's how. According to the California Court of Appeal, all you need to do is ensure that your work contains "something new, with a further purpose or different character, altering the first with new expression, meaning, or message."

The test in Canada will likely be different, of course, but there doesn't appear to be any video game case law on point yet. But heck, we're willing to make some, so here's a link to our photos  http://www.shorl.com/divofrakodefri  

Kirby v. Sega is here http://www.shorl.com/distokimynagu

JUDGE SAYS PRO PLAYER STATS CAN BE USED WITHOUT LICENCE

A US district court judge in St. Louis has ruled that fantasy baseball leagues can use player names and stats without permission from Major League Baseball because MLB doesn't own any intellectual property in the names or stats. The lawsuit was filed after MLB refused to grant CBC Distribution and Marketing Inc. a new licensing deal for the use of pro ball player stats. 

You can expect the MLB to appeal this one pro licensing deals are worth millions. 

The ruling of course does not affect any personality rights that individual players may have, so sports games developers and publishers will still need licences from player associations to use player likenesses in games. They'll also need trade-mark and copyright licences to use team and league logos in games. 

Also, in some countries (such as Canada) privacy laws might prohibit gaming companies from using personal information about players in games without their consent. 

Coverage here  http://www.shorl.com/bulygynopriho (SI.com)

A copy of the case is here  http://www.davis.ca/community/blogs/video_games/files/show_case_doc.pdf

Newscaster's Family Sues NFL Over Unauthorized Use In Madden 2006

The family of legendary football announcer John Facenda has filed a federal lawsuit against the NFL, NFL Films, and NFL Properties LLC in a Philadelphia court this week, for unauthorized use of Facenda's voice in a promotional video for the NFL-EA Sports title Madden NFL 2006, called "Making of Madden 2006." The Facenda family's attorney said that the league had been granted permission to use Facenda's voice in football highlights, but not in any endorsements or promotions of other businesses, and that the family is angry that his voice was used in a "30-minute commercial for the Madden game." The amount of damages they are seeking is unspecified.  We'll keep you posted.

Coverage http://www.shorl.com/gytygruprykigo  and at http://www.gamepolitics.com .

JESUS WANTS ROYALTIES TOO

Several professional poker players, including Chris 'Jesus"? Ferguson say they will file a lawsuit against the World Poker Tournament organizers today. The players are upset because they say the tournament organizers used their names and likenesses in a video game without any compensation. The players did sign waivers, but they claim the casinos colluded to prevent players from participating in tournaments unless all players waived their rights to compensation in these circumstances. 

Personality rights lawsuits are becoming more common in the video game industry. For example, last year, Vili the Warrior, a mascot for the University of Hawaii, sued EA for $75,000.  He claimed that EA used his character without permission on NCAA Football '06.

Another good example is the Guy Game lawsuit. In that case an anonymous teenager won a injunction against Topheavy for including topless footage of her in The Guy Game.  She had been videotaped while competing publicly in a topless contest during spring break.  The problem was that she was a minor at the time of the contest, so her lawyers successfully argued that the waiver she signed was void (despite the fact that she provided ID at the time which showed she was an adult). 

Every publisher will want to get waivers signed by people who appear in their games. But the Topheavy lawsuit and the poker lawsuit show that getting waivers might not be enough it's also important to confirm that the waivers are enforceable.
Coverage of the poker lawsuit at  http://www.shorl.com/fytypribrystuli (Mercury News)

TAKE-TWO SUED BY ACTOR

Take-Two Interactive is reported to have been sued for $250,000 by actor Roger Hill for the unlawful use of his likeness in The Warriors, a game based on the film by the same name. He is also seeking an injunction to bar the use of his likeness. Mr. Hill claims that he turned down an initial offer made by Take-Two for the use of his name and voice in the game and that they never followed up. Take-Two has dismissed Mr. Hill's claims as groundless and affirms having the right to use his likeness as portrayed in the film.

 
coverage at http://shorl.com/gigrepistekogry (gamespot)

VILI THE WARRIOR EA TOOK ADVANTAGE OF ME!!!

Vili the Warrior, a mascot for the University of Hawaii, has sued EA for $75,000. He claims that EA used his character without permission on NCAA Football '06.

Lawsuits such as this one are common (although we doubt EA has previously been sued by a half naked guy covered in war paint).  Earlier this month,Sony won the first stage of a lawsuit involving Sony's use of an ice cream truck in Twisted Metal (see our coverage here ). The risk of a lawsuit makes copyright and trade-mark clearances an extremely important part of game development and production. 

Vili Coverage at  http://www.shorl.com/hipruhedamepra